<text>Whatever relaxation technique you choose, your objective should be to reduce the impact of stress. If you're successful you'll probably lower your blood pressure and loosen up a bunch of tense muscles. Your health will probably improve and chances are you'll live longer. But choose a technique that best fits your own needs and then stick to it. It's simply a problem of mind over matter. If you're going to deal positively with stress you're going to have to decide to do it. Nobody's going to give you permission. </text>
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<text>Yoga therapy helps to reduce stress and restore the psychological balance that's lost in day-to-day reactivity to stressful events. There are many different types of yoga therapies. Generally, yoga techniques focus on relaxation and internal awareness through breathing and postural control.In a yoga session the body gradually accepts a relaxed pose and moves into a more expansive and balanced feeling of well-being. </text>
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<text>Massage therapy can reduce tension and stiffness in the body and improve circulation. A trained masseuse will be able to locate areas of tension in the body, and through rubbing and kneading, loosen up tight muscles. Massage is a very nurturing experience and it can create a general feeling of well-being. </text>
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<text>Meditation is a way of calming and focusing the mind. It's a way of helping people to let go of the inner noise of all their accumulated ideas and impulses. Clinical studies have shown that meditation can generally improve health and a sense of well-being. The same studies have shown that mediation can also reduce high blood pressure.</text>
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<text>Biofeedback uses technogical tools to identify and manage stress. Biofeedback techniques can make you aware of how your body reacts in particular situations and how these reactions might affect physical symptoms. A clinician uses a machine to measure your physiological responses to specific stimuli, and analyzes them with a computer. You then use this information to learn how to contol your responses. Through biofeedback, you can control many physiological functions that typically you do not contol, like heart rate. </text>
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<text>Psychotherapy can help us to resolve some inner conflicts which might be increasing stress. Psychotherapy can help people adapt to certain social and personal situations. And even more extremely, psychotherapy may actually help people to change their entire lifestyle - their capacity to relax, to adapt to a world even if it means leaving a stressful situation. </text>
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<text>Between 1985 and 1986 over 30 million prescriptions of the tranquilizer Valium were purchased. Many people use tranquilizers to help them cope with stress.Tranquilizers inhibit the "fight or flight response." Inhibiting a biochemical response can have dangerous physiological effects. Tranquilizers become less effective with continual use. Higher and higer doses are needed to get an effect. Continued use leads to dependency on the drug.</text>
<text>Cigarette smoking can increase heart rate. Ironically, researchers have found smoking may relieve tension on the short haul but the long term dangers of smoking far outweigh the temporary relief. </text>
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<text>Alcohol is a strong depressant and it can trigger the body's "fight or flight response," setting off a harmful chain of biochemical reactions. </text>
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<text>Millions of people take refuge in drugs, alcohol and smoking because of the stresses in our daily lives. These only mask our problems, at best. The side effects and after effects of drugs, drinking and alcohol can often be more dangerous to our lives than the problems we were seeking to escape.</text>
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<text>Recently, an American Health Gallup Poll told us that most Americans who exercise find it relieves stress. Exercise takes out the knots produced by stress and in doing so, it relaxes us enough to see what put them there in the first place. </text>
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<text>Of the 35 to 40 characteristics which are associated with type-A personalities, research indicates that hostility may be the most dangerous to your health. If you're quick to provoke angry confrontations with others, you may be setting yourself up for stress-related illness such as heart disease. Sudden angry confrontation causes an increase of adrenlin in the body, speeding up the heart and raising blood pressure. </text>
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<text>The so-called Type A personality is commonly identified as an individual who is aggresssive, easily annoyed, and impatient. Type A's are often highly accomplished but dissatisfied with their accomplishments.At one time it was feared that people classified as type-A's were in imminent danger of stress-related illness. But all type-A's are not alike. For example, if you're a loud, enthusiastic type-A, are you at the same risk as if you're angry and impatient? </text>
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<text>The ability to resist stress is called "hardiness" and it consists of three specific personality styles. The first is commitment: a person's ability to involve himself or herself in what's happening in his or her life. The second component of hardiness is a sense of control: believing that one has influence over what's happening in one's life. The third component is something called "challenge." That has to do with a person's ability to see change - new experiences - as positive things. </text>
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<text>Faced with the same stresses, people react differently. Some people even thrive on stress. Researchers are attempting to identify the personality characteristics which enable some people to cope well with stress.</text>
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<text>Researchers theorize that the free fatty acids' original function in our bodies was to help the muscles cope with stress by aiding physical fighting or fleeing from danger. However, if the free fatty acids are mobilized and then not used, they are returned to the liver, triggering a process that increases the cholestrol in our bloodstream. So, even if your diet is low in fats, stress can raise your cholestrol level. </text>
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<text>Hostile and aggressive reactions can lead to increased adrenilin production, surges in blood pressure and increased heart rate. Studies of stress reactions indicate that the flight or fight response (the body's primitive reaction to stress) can also affect the body's fatty acids.</text>
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<text>Homeostasis is the state of equilibrium of our internal environment. The chemical properties of all of our body fluids are constant in this state. Stress reactions override homeostatsis and place the body in an emergency condition known as the "fight or flight response." This response sets off a surge of adrenilin in your bloodstream, creating complex and dangerous chemical reactions in your body.Continual or frequent stress reactions cause chemical wear and tear on your body. </text>
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<text>Physiology Psychology Stress Heart</text>
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<text>When our brains sense danger a primitive reaction is evoked - the "flight or fight response." The brain sends a message that's received by the adrenal glands, which release adrenalin into the bloodstream, setting off a complex chain of events. Adrenalin acts as an amplifier,making the heart beat faster and the arteries constrict,boosting the blood pressure. If this happens too frequently, physiological problems can result. </text>
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<text>Stress is everywhere and it takes a toll on our health.Many people think that their jobs are the main source of tension in their lives. Major life events also raise our stress levels. Joyous and sad occasions can be equally stressful.Stress doesn't have to come from massive trauma, it can come from a sufficient collection of small hassles.The good news is that we can develop ways of coping with stress.</text>
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<text>You won't help friends stop smoking by preaching at them. That decreases their sense of self-worth and their confidence that they can make a decision and stick with it. Reward works better than punishment. Be nice to them; get them a present, especially when they're not smoking. Don't panic if they backslide a little. Most people quit at least three times before they succeed for good. </text>
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<text>There is no one right or best way to quit smoking. It sounds trite, but researchers say the best way is the way you feel confident will work.Since smoking may relieve tension, your tension may increase when you try to quit. Find some other way to relax, perhaps hypnosis, deep breathing, or exercise, to resist the temptation to relax with a cigarette. Stay away from alcohol, because there may be a natural association between cigarettes and alcohol. If a relapse occurs, don't give up the effort. </text>
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<text>There are clear benfits for quitting smoking. The risk of heart disease drops sharply in one year. In 10 to 15 years, the ex-smoker's risk of lung cancer approaches that of nonsmokers. Food tastes better, clothes smell better, and money is saved.</text>
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<text>Of the 54 million Americans who smoke, between 45 and 50 million have tried to quit at least once. Regardless of what method they use, only about 25% of the people who try to quit will be free of the habit a year later.</text>
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<text>When non-smokers are in a room where other people are smoking, they become passive smokers, breathing in the sidestream smoke coming off the end of the cigarette. The sidestream smoke contains the same carcinogens as the mainstream smoke going into the active smoker's lungs. This environmental smoke is especially bad for children. Children who live in homes with smoking parents have more respiratory symptoms - cough, sputum, wheezing - than children in non-smoking homes, and they have more numerous serious respiratory illnesses, such as pnuemonia and bronchitis.</text>
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<text>Cigarette smokers are like any other addict, and they suffer withdrawl when they can't get a fix. The problem is that friends and relatives of the person trying to quit don't see the withdrawl signs. They can't see the changes in brain function and heart rate that cause the addict to crave another cigarette.</text>
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<text>Nicotine is 5 to 10 times more potent than cocaine. It's thousands of times more potent than alcohol. Nicotine is the reason why 90% of smokers who try to quit fail at least once, why smokers don't forget to use tobacco, why people keep exposing themselves to high levels of carcinogens.</text>
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<text>It is common knowledge that the chemicals in cigarettes can cause lung cancer, but other forms of cancer, including bladder cancer, cancer of the larynx, and cancer of almost all the internal organs, can also be caused by smoking. Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke aggravates heart disease. Nicotine can also cause heart disease. </text>
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<text>There are over 2000 compounds in cigarette smoke and over 200 poisons in the tars of cigarettes, including arsenic, formaldehyde, and lead. All these things are taken into the body by a smoker inhaling on a cigarette or by a non-smoker in a room where someone else is smoking.</text>
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<text>Despite the dangers of smoking, there are no federal standards for nicotine or other chemicals in tobacco. Cigarettes are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. If cigarettes were to be introduced as a new item on the market today, they probably would be banned by the FDA, because they cause cancer and because they are addictive.</text>
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<text>Tobacco use leads to more deaths each year than alcoholism, cocaine use, heroin dependence, traffic accidents, and AIDS combined. Smoking can kill you, but the tobacco companies dispute scientific evidence, and smokers buy cigarettes anyway. The tobacco industry spends two billion dollars per year on marketing and advertising.</text>
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<text>There is a lot of information that says smoking is harmful - it's printed on every cigarette pack - but 54 million Americans still smoke. Two-thirds began before age 18. Every day, 4000 teenagers light up for the first time and start down a lifelong path that is damaging and deadly. One of the reasons for the disregard of all these warnings is that most folks don't believe anthing bad will happen to them.</text>
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<text>Over the last 100 years a new industry has been developed based solely on our sense of smell. Research suggests that the right odor will increase alertness, decrease stress, and evoke a wide range of emotions. Some companies add fragrances such as lemon, ammonia, or vinegar to their products because the scent makes them sell better. Yale University Psychophysiology Center reports studies that suggest that spiced apple fragrance is effective in reducing blood pressure responses to stressful situations. A lavender scent seems to elicit the opposite response. </text>
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<text>The I.F.F., the International Flavors and Fragrance Company, is the leading manufacturer of fragrances worldwide. They produce scents for laundry detergent as well as designer perfumes. There are thousands ofnatural and synthetic substances that can be used to create a new fragrance. According to one perfumer, Carlos Benaim, roughly half of the perfumes use chemicals that do not exist in nature. Natural aromasare used for richness. </text>
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<text>Our perception and ability to describe smells varies widely, but the basic mechanism, how the nose works, is a clear-cut chain of events. When you sniff a rose, odor molecules from the flower travel into the nasal cavity behind the bridge of the nose. These molecules are absorbed by the mucosa and microscopic hairs, or cilia. The cilia contain close to 5 million special receptor cells. These receptors fire an impulse to the brain's olfactory bulb, or smell center. The olfactory bulb signals the cerebral cortex, and from then on the rose may evoke an emotion or physical reaction in your body.</text>
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<text>Our sense of smell plays an important role early on. It helps mothers create a bond with their newborns. In fact, a mother can probably identify her baby as much by its smell as its cry. The baby recognizes its mother's smell right away. In general, though, infants are said to be indifferent to odors. Many young children are known to play with their feces, and they often seem to ignore vomit in their cribs or bedding. At around the age of four, however, a child's sense of smell broadens, and he/she can differentiate between many pleasant and unpleasant odors. </text>
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<text>Beginning at about 50 to 60 years of age, there is a progressive reduction in smell sensitivity. By the time the average person is 65, there has been a substantial loss of smell. Numerous studies have compared the nasal sensitivity of younger and older subjects. Findings suggest the peak of nasal sensitivity may be between the ages of 20 and 50 years. </text>
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<text>Our body odors can communicate what is going on inside of us. Doctors used to depend on the odors of patients' breath and urine to diagnose diseases. Yellow fever has a butcher-shop smell; typhoid, a baked-bread smell; and rubella, a smell of freshly picked feathers. </text>
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<text>Body odors and hormones seem to interact. Women living together in college dorms often menstruate together. The signal to synchronize menstrual cycles seems to be in the odor of women's sweat. </text>
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<text>Our sense of smell allows us to distinguish well over 5,000 different fragrances - from individual flowers, to chocolate cookies, to our best friend. But for all the joy it brings, smell is our most neglected sense. Smell is at the heart of emotion and memory, and can ease stress and lower blood pressure. It can also greatly affect our sexuality. </text>
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<text>Research shows that 90% of women use at least one skin care product every day. Many believe a person's ability to get a job, promotion, or mate is influenced by how well one looks. Each year consumers spend around $3 billion on skin treatments, including moisturizing creams, soaps, sunscreens, cleansers, eye creams, and wrinkle creams.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #211Skin Deep</text>
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<text>It is not only outside invaders that can trigger our skin to react. Inner emotional turmoil can also cross the body's boundary and cause problems. Harvard psychologist Ted Grossbart combines self-hypnosis with psychotherapy to treat skin problems from acne to genital herpes to warts. Grossbart's program begins with three questions: Why me? Why now? Why there? Grossbart believes the key is to be able to deal with your emotional issues so that they do not erupt on your skin. </text>
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<text>Kaposi's Sarcoma is a form of skin cancer. Its symptoms are soft, purple nodules of the skin, with hemorrhages. This unusual skin rash is one manifestation of AIDS.</text>
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<text>Most of us shed our surface skin, the epidermis, monthly. Psoriasis victims lose patches of the outer layer of dead cells every three or four days. Their skin's process of growth and renewal has gone wild. The reason is unknown, and there is no cure. The disease may be brought under control temporarily through a combination of weekly coal tar washes and daily ultraviolet light treatments. These may decrease the rate of cell division and reduce inflammation. </text>
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<text>Our skin normally can withstand daily assaults from the environment. For some individuals, repeated and prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays can cause a wound which does not heal naturally. Basal cell carcinoma - the most common form of skin cancer- is the result. A specific technique of microsurgery, called Mohs' surgery, allows surgeons to remove all the malignant cells with minimal loss of normal skin. There are effective creams and ointments that can protect the skin so that people can enjoy long periods of sun exposurewithout harmful results. </text>
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<text>The skin is the interface between our internal and external environments. It is invaded by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Its secret weapon is the t-lymphocytes, or helper t-cells. These cells originate in the thymus gland and migrate throughthe lymph nodes, spending most of their time in the skin. Chemicals in the epidermis trigger the helper t-cells to mobilize the immune system and defend the body. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #211Skin Deep</text>
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<text>The skin is our largest organ. It consists of the epidermis, or outer layer, and the dermis, or inner layer. The epidermis provides a protective, waterproof coating, and the dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, glands, hair follicles, fat cells and fibers. The skin can mirror almost all biological processes, revealing internal diseases that might otherwise go undetected. A skin rash may be a telltale sign that internal damage is spreading. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #211Skin Deep</text>
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<text>Exposure to alcohol during the first trimester (or first three months) of fetal development may cause damage to the heart, brain, spinal cord, kidney, and any organs forming, or functions developing, during this period. In the second trimester, alcohol may interfere with the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the fetus. If alcohol consumption stops by the third trimester, the fetus' central nervous system may develop normally. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #209Well-Conceived</text>
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<text>Alcohol: Lacking Proof in Small Amounts</text>
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<text>The effects of alcohol on the fetus are well documented for heavy drinkers. Pregnant women who drink in excess of 4 to 5 drinks each day may cause fetal growth retardation, birth defects, or abnormalities in the baby's central nervous system. Together, these conditions are called fetal alcohol syndrome. The effects of an occasional drink are unknown. Some doctors believe the fetus should not be exposed to a single drop of alcohol. Others advise a limit of one drink in a 24-hour period. </text>
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<text>The use of cocaine influences both delivery and the neurological behavior of the baby. The baby may have difficulty interacting with his/her mother, and may be less alert. Cocaine may cause labor to begin well before the baby is due. This leads to premature births and the medical problems associated with them. </text>
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<text>The use of marijuana during pregnancy seems to result in lower birth weights. Researchers continue to study this psychoactive drug, with little success. Pregnant women who use marijuana may also use other psychoactive substances. It becomes difficult to determine which substance, or combination, causes unwanted side effects. </text>
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<text>Cigarette smoking can lead to a low birth weight, which is the most common factor associated with infant mortality. Smoking more than one pack of cigarettes per day can cause damage to the placenta. Research shows that the level of cadmium, an extremely toxic metal, is higher in the placentas of smoking women than women who do not smoke. Administration of cadmium to lab animals results in a smaller than normal fetus with a deficiency in zinc. </text>
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<text>When a pregnant woman smokes cigarettes, the fetus absorbs carbon monoxide, nicotine, tar products and traces of over 2000 different chemicals. For every cigarette a mother smokes, the fetus absorbs proportionately twice the amount of harmful elements. As the level of carbon monoxide increases, the fetus gets less oxygen. This causes its heart to beat more rapidly and could inhibit growth. </text>
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<text>The effect of exercise on the developing baby is unclear. Experts recommend that a pregnant woman's heart rate should not exceed 140 beats per minute during exercise. They also recommend drinking plenty of fluids and avoiding exercise during the heat of the day. </text>
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<text>Excessive exercise or prolonged hot-tub exposure can elevate a pregnant woman's core temperature to levels that are harmful for the fetus. In one study, women's temperatures were measured after exercising for 40 minutes, a brief rest, and a soak in a hot tub. Within 15 minutes in 105 degree F. water, their rectal and vaginal temperatures were over 102 degrees F. These temperatures fall within the danger range. Lab animals tested under similar conditions had fetal problems after exercising and soaking one hour each day for 4 to 8 days. </text>
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<text>During pregnancy, a weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds is ideal. A pregnant woman should not lose weight. When a woman restricts caloric intake during pregnancy, the developing fetus is more affected than the mother. If a woman is overweight, she should lose this excess weight before conception; if underweight, gaining weight before pregnancy is recommended.</text>
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<text>A pregnant woman should be sure that she is taking in adequate quantities of three key minerals in her diet. The most important, iron, is the major constituent of blood cells. A pregnant woman expands her blood volume to make more blood cells for the embryo and fetus. Zinc is necessary for cell division, and calcium is essential for fetal bone development. The calcium should come from the mother's diet, not her bones.</text>
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<text>Most women begin to take a prenatal multivitamin as soon as they know they're pregnant. But these supplements should be started before conception. During the early weeks, while the baby's major organs are forming, folic acid, a B-vitamin critical for cell growth, is essential.</text>
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<text>If you have been using the birth control pill, give yourself two menstrual cycles before you try to conceive. The birth control pill can deplete folic acid, a B-vitamin critical for cell growth. Because of the rapid cell division in the growing fetus, women need twice as much folic acid during pregnancy. Deficiencies in folic acid have been linked to problems in the embryonic brain. </text>
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<text>Most women discover they are pregnant 4 to 6 weeks after they have conceived. The baby's major organs - the heart, kidney, brain and spinal cord - form within the first three to eight weeks. By nine weeks, these organs are formed and any malformations may have already been established. So you should begin taking good care of yourself, by stopping bad habits and starting good nutrition, while you are trying to conceive.</text>
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<text>A pain sufferer's need for family support can be complicated. A little support is good, but too much may be a disaster. In fact, studies at the University of Pittsburgh showed that patients who thought their spouses were very attentive actually did less on their own and complained more of pain. The best advice for family members is to be supportive, but not smothering. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #202Mastering Pain</text>
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<text>Acupuncture is another treatment being used to help patients manage pain. It may provide a patient relief from pain without the use of drugs. Researchers believe that acupuncture releases endorphins, the body's own pain-blocking compounds.</text>
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<text>Some chronic pain patients must rely exclusively on medication. A new way of administering pain-reducing drugs is through a small portable pump that patients can hang from their belt. This pump provides a continuous intravenous flow of the pain killer, and allows a patient to remain mobile and comfortable. More traditional drug treatment, using injections, is often uncomfortable and causes the patient to get sleepy. </text>
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<text>Physical therapy may be an integral part of some pain treatment programs. The amount of exercise builds up gradually as tolerance for the associated pain increases. Such a program can help patients to gain confidence and to feel that their condition is improving. For some patients, though, such active treatment can be too painful and stressful. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #202Mastering Pain</text>
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<text>Teams of experts at pain centers design individualized treatments that change how a patient thinks about pain. Treatments focus on the relationship between pain and stress, and patients examine the moods and feelings they have had during each bout of pain. Patients learn muscle relaxation techniques and forms of medical hypnosis to distract themselves from their pain. </text>
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<text>New programs at pain treatment centers throughout the nation focus on psychological factors. The goal is to help patients manage their pain. Patients must learn to be active and resourceful, not passive and helpless, with regard to their pain. They must not assume that the clinic will "do something to them" to relieve the pain, but that it will instead "collaborate with them."</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #202Mastering Pain</text>
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<text>Moods, attitudes and even job satisfaction can affect your ability to tolerate pain. Your perception of pain - and the actual level of the pain itself - may be strongly influenced by stress, difficulties in your relationships, or problems at work.</text>
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<text>Your upbringing - particularly your parents' attitude toward pain, your previous experiences with pain, and even your ethnic background can strongly influence how you perceive pain. Traditionally, some cultures are stoic about pain, while others tend to be more expressive or dramatic about it. It is important for practitioners to be aware of this cultural context, so that they can know whether the patient is underestimating or perhaps exaggerating the pain. </text>
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<text>Dr. Ronald Melzack of McGill University has developed the "gating" theory of pain. He believes that pain signals do not go directly to the brain, but through a series of "gates" that the body can open or shut depending on the circumstances or your mood when the pain-provoking situation occurs. When you're depressed or afraid, you feel pain more intensely than when you're elated.</text>
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<text>The body produces several compounds called neurotransmitters that affect how pain signals travel through nerve pathways. Encephalins are neurotransmitters found primarily in the brain. Scientists believe that their release reduces pain sensations. Endorphin is a neurotransmitter of the pituitary gland and the hypothalmus whose pain-relieving properties are similar to those of the encephalins.</text>
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<text>When you injure your finger, specialized receptors in the skin send impulses along nerves that travel up your arm and into the spinal cord. Here other nerve cells receive these impulses and take them to higher levels of the brain, such as the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. It's in these parts of the brain that you perceive various aspects of the pain sensation - its quality, its location, its intensity, and its duration.</text>
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<text>As many as one out of three Americans is afflicted with chronic pain - pain that lasts longer than six months and does not respond to usual medical treatments. Chronic pain sufferers pursue an endless succession of physicians and specialized treatments, often without tangible results. </text>
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<text>Each year in the United States, an estimated 50 million people are either partially or totally disabled for a week to up to several months because of pain. Another staggering statistic - up to 700 million work days are lost annually because of pain. </text>
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<text>Pain is one of our best defenses for survival. It can tell us when our environment is not safe. For example, you drop a hot skillet before you even think about it; when a part of your body is injured, the pain tells you "Don't hurt me more."</text>
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<text>There's lots of evidence that skin disease is directly tied to our state of mind. 83% of the people interviewed at the Herpes Research Center in Palo Alto, California confirmed that personal stress triggered outbreaks. If we do not feel our own sense of loss, of pain, or of anger, our bodies will often do it for us. Skin mirrors our mood through herpes, hives, and acne. Stress may undercut the immune system's ability to fight viruses or allergic irritants that cause these conditions.</text>
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<text>Stressful situations may provoke the fight or flight reponse. Adrenaline flows, heart rate increases, and blood flow may increase to three to four times normal levels. It's believed that these transient elevations of blood pressure over time can translate into permanent elevations in blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the rate of development of hardening of the arteries which, in turn, is directly related to heart attacks and to strokes. </text>
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<text>How we cope with stess, rather than the level of stress itself, may be the key factor in its effect on our health. In several studies, animals were all exposed to the same amount of shock. One group was given control over the shock; the other had no control over it. The group without control showed suppression of immune responses and vulnerability to cancerous tumors. </text>
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<text>Can stress expain increased illness among the bereaved? Marvin Stein analyzed blood samples from grieving men during the year following the death of their wives. One month following their spouse's death there was a decrease in their immune function. By one year, the immune function had come back up to the pre-bereavement level.</text>
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<text>Stressful or adverse environmental conditions can have an impact on health and illness. NASA tests have shown that following re-entry, the most stressful part of a space mission, astronauts have lower white blood cell counts. Perhaps the chemicals released during times of stress produce this suppressed immune response.</text>
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<text>Neuropeptides are chemicals in the brain that are associated with our moods. Researchers have found that these substances are not confined to the brain, but have chemical cousins in the immune system. The neuropeptide molecules seem to be messengers between the immune system and the brain. </text>
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<text>The new science of psychoneuroimmunology seeks to decode mind-body communication. New research suggests that the brain knows what the immune system is doing and the immune system knows what the brain is doing. Lymphocytes and other immune cells may receive their orders in the form of biochemical messages from the brain. These messages may travel through the autonomic nervous system that emanates from the brain and reach the organ tissues of the immune system.</text>
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<text>Robert Ader fused the connection between mind and body in a classic experiment. He hypothesized that an immune system response can be learned, or conditioned. After drinking chocolate milk, mice were injected with a drug that suppressed their immune system responses. Eventually, just the smell of milk made the animals sick. </text>
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<text>Scientists have been interested for a long time in one example of the power of positive thinking - the placebo effect. Studies have shown that people's conditions have improved when they thought they were being given treatments using active substances, although they actually were being given inert ingredients. </text>
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<text>There is no absolute scientific evidence that says your state of mind or your sense of well-being will cause you to become ill or prevent illness. But there is a great deal of evidence that your feelings about yourself can influence when you get sick and if, and when, you will get well. </text>
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<text>Middle age is the time to continue to find ways of expressing your love and support for your partner. It's in private relationships that mid-life crisis sometimes takes its toll. This is often due to concerns about sexual ability and attractiveness. There may be some changes in response time and couples should learn to adapt to that. But there is nothing about middle age that necessarily causes us to lose our capacity to have sexual activity. "Use it or lose it" is the watchword of middle age, whether it's physical love-making or showing your partner that you care. </text>
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<text>One thing that happens as you get older is your sense of smell decreases. Did you ever notice Aunt Sadie smelling like a perfume factory when she thinks she's being subtle? Animal studies tell us that you may be able to restore your sense of smell by taking a little zinc.</text>
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<text>How much you eat may be just as important as what you eat. Studies show that by restricting calories in the food given mice, their aging process can be slowed down . It's quite possible these studies mean that humans could also extend their lives by avoiding overeating, maintaining a balanced diet, and a moderate exercise program. </text>
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<text>A little exercise can go a long way towards making us look better and feel younger. It may also help prevent some problems common to middle age such as osteoporosis, the rapid bone loss many women experience after menopause. Exercise helps you to maintain calcium in your bones. It was in astronauts that we first saw how stress on the bones makes a difference. During weightlessness your skeleton needs no strength to support your body and calcium is lost from bones. Here on earth, if you sit too much, the body is not stimulated to deposit calcium in your bones. Thus bones may become soft and weak.</text>
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<text>What kind of rules or guidelines should you follow about warming up? Time is one easy gauge. Ten minutes is usually best. Your respiration rate should be 60% of your maximum heart rate when you are warmed up. Your maximum heart rate is 220 minus your age. Stretch before you exercise. </text>
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<text>The trouble with exercising is that it can leave you tightened up. Stretching can help you avoid this problem. There are three rules for stretching: Stretch only what feels good, for as long as it feels good, and don't hurt yourself. And don't think about it as stretching one muscle at a time. You're working on whole muscle groups and you're working on all the major joints of the body.</text>
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<text>Perhaps the best time to start an exercise program is in middle age. As we grow older, our metabolic rate slows. That's when many people first notice that they're gaining inches around their waist. Some middle-aged to older men can improve their muscle strength by almost 150% in just 12 weeks of training. This doesn't mean hard exercise, or exercising to exhaustion. If you just increase the amount of your regular activity , you may be able to make major changes in your health. </text>
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<text>Your birthday used to be the only concrete measure of your age. But a newly developed test called the H-scan goes beyond chronological age and calculates what's called your "biological age." Your biological age is reflected by things that have a lot to do with everyday functioning: hearing, vision, touch, sensitivity, lung function, reaction time, and memory. These are the kind of things that may change dramatically with age. Though the H-scan is still under development, it's being used by California life-insurance companies. Clients whose biological age is younger than their chronological age can save hundreds of dollars on policies. </text>
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<text>A lot of us think older people don't have sex lives, but experts and older people disagree. The most common stereotype is that older women do not want to have sex, and older men cannot have it. Sexuality doesn't have to be all genital sex. It can also be caring, sharing, hugging, kissing. A good relationship and good health probably mean a full sex life. As we grow older, we become more skilled, aware, able to anticipate our partner's needs, building upon the caring relationship already established. </text>
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<text>One of the facts of late life is that women outlive men, so there are many more women. Older women may feel isolated, and have to work at their gift of developing close social networks. One woman notes, "You feel good when you're with friends - they're jolly, not complaining. If you're at home alone, you feel horrible." So older people should remember to make the effort to get out and enjoy the friendships they now have time for. They should also try to develop new networks for sharing. </text>
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<text>We used to think loss of memory and mental function was natural, that becoming senile was inevitable. In fact, less than one out of 20 people over age 65 is suffering from diseases generally called senility, and even over age 85, only one in five. Your memory lessens, but you do not completely lose it. Your memory is like everything else about your body: it needs exercise. Think of the mind like any other muscle. If you sit in an easy chair, you will get flabby. If you don't use your mind, your mind will also get flabby. So keep mentally active and challenged, and your mind will serve you well into old age.</text>
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<text>Dr. Red Duke comments: "The older generation of today is a pioneer generation. They're not sitting down and taking it when people tell them at 65, they're all through. The general notion has been that the older American is unproductive, sexless, destined to become senile, a drain on our society, and the cause of intergenerational conflicts. All of those are false notions, myths."</text>
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<text>Everybody wants to live a long time, but we also fear getting old. Getting old often used to mean becoming disabled and dependent, or lonely and unwanted. But the prospects for aging are changing. People are not only staying alive longer, they are living better than ever before. We've had a longevity revolution and our country now has about 27 million people over 65. About 80% of these people will never have a nursing home experience. By and large, the elderly are vigorous and healthy. </text>
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<text>According to a recent study of 17,000 Harvard Alumni, people who engage in energetic activities can expect to live longer than those who are sedentary. Dr. Ralph Paffenbarger, Jr. of Stanford University examined health and lifestyle factors, including vigorous sports, distances walked, and stairs climbed. His finding: for every hour of physical activity, you can expect to live that hour over, plus at least one more. That could mean living several years longer than your more sluggish friends. And what's more, the risk of heart disease can be reduced by one-third.</text>
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<text>Dr. Ward Dean of Los Angeles is trying to create an anti-aging system. His patients perform tests to measure "biological age" - the age of the body's functions, from cholesterol level to muscle coordination and eyesight. If the age of part of the body has degenerated beyond its numerical age, Dr. Dean prescribes an individual program to bring that function back up to par. His interventions include modifications in exercise and diet, as well as drug therapy, when appropriate.</text>
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<text>We'd live longer if we'd stick to some basic advice: Give up smoking, avoid excess alcohol, move away from rich diets and a sedentary lifestyle. In real numbers, two-thirds of us would live longer if we'd stick to these rules. </text>
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<text>Our average life-span is 74 years now, compared to the 50 year expectancy at the turn of the century. This increase happened because we conquered many of the culprits causing our ancestors to die at an early age. The leading causes of death at the turn of the century were infectious diseases. Today, the top three causes of death are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. These are diseases that often take years to develop and therefore strike people later in life.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #203Secrets of Longevity</text>
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<text>Men and women are at their physical peak in their 20's. In their 30s, hearing may decline and facial lines start to appear. By the time you are 40 or 50, you may lose your hair, your eyes get weaker and your skin starts to sag. In your 60s and 70s, your height may actually decrease due to changes in muscle and bone condition. Your taste buds are two-thirds less active and food may not seem so appealing. But remember, good health, good mind, and a strong sexual drive can stay through the years.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #203Secrets of Longevity</text>
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<text>In the past century, we have added 26 years to our life expectancy. That's more than we added in the 5,000 preceding years. This means you're probably going to be around a lot longer than any of your ancestors.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #203Secrets of Longevity</text>
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<text>Severely damaged hair is usually the result of too many chemicals from over-perming or over-coloring. Oils and proteins can help temporarily coat the hair shafts, but the only way to restore damaged hair is to grow new hair. And, contrary to the advice to brush the hair 100 strokes each night before bedtime, this can damage the cuticle.</text>
<text>Hair that has been chemically treated by coloring, perming, or straightening may benefit from protein added to shampoos. Protein temporarily coats the shafts of the hair. Animal protein or milk solids are typically used. </text>
<text>Some doctors recommend the use of dandruff shampoos if you have a dandruff problem. One dermatologist suggests switching between two or three different dandruff shampoos, treating the hair with a variety of dandruff-fighting ingredients. </text>
<text>Changing shampoos every day or each week is not necessary, according to some dermatologists. During the winter, when the air is dry, your hair may need a shampoo with a conditioner added. In the summer, when theair tends to be more humid, it may be necessary to switch to a shampoo with a higher proportion of cleansers. </text>
<text>When Consumer Reports tested shampoos, panelists rarely found one better than another. Shampoos for oily hair have a higher proportion of cleansers, while shampoos for dry hair contain a greater dose ofconditioners. Conditioners, in shampoos or alone, help neutralize the effects of the detergent in shampoo. After cleansing your hair, the cuticle, like shingles on a roof, open up. Conditioners close the shingles and make the hair easier to manage. pH balance in shampoos refers to the level of the acidity. Most shampoos, whether pH balanced or not, are within an acidity range compatible with hair. </text>
<text>Hair transplants offer hope for people who have lost too much hair or have been bald for a number of years. But transplants can be painful and can cause scarring on individuals with darker skin. Hairpieces present another alternative to baldness. Blends of human hair and synthetic fibers can also be woven into existing hair. </text>
<text>Additional hair-growth drugs are presently being developed. Omexan, derived from the fatty tissues of a pig, is thought to induce new blood vessel formation in the scalp; Viprostal, a prostaglandin, dilates theblood vessels. Both substances must be applied to the balding areas everyday.</text>
<text>The commitment and expense involved with using the topical hair-growth medication, Minoxidil, led to research by dermatologist Dr. Nia Terazakis. She combined smaller amounts of Minoxidil with vitamin Aderivatives, or retinoids. The retinoids initiate normal cell growth while the Minoxidil increases the blood flow to the scalp. According to Dr. Terazakis, the combination has proved successful.</text>
<text>Study of the hair-growth drug, Minoxidil, has revealed that it is most effective on those individuals in the early stages of baldness. The medication is expensive and requires a lifelong commitment. When a person stops using Minoxidil, he/she tends to lose the new hair growthand the hair that would have normally been lost without the medication. Minoxidil must be applied each and every day to be effective. </text>
<text>In the 1970s, the Upjohn Pharmaceutical Company developed a new blood pressure medication called"Minoxidil." Researchers working with the drug noticed what appeared to be a problem. The patients under observation developed an undesirable side effect - they grew hair. In 1983, dermatologists began studying this side effect and discovered 30% of their patients using this medication experienced regrowth of hair and some noticed a distinct decline in the rate of hair loss. </text>
<text>Baldness is universal - people of all races and nationalities share this trait. In this country alone, there are 30 million bald people, men and women. Yes, women bald as often as men. Women do not lose their hairline;instead the hair thins and exposes more of the scalp. </text>
<text>Most of us blame our mother's side of the family for baldness, but this is not always fair or true. Baldness is genetically determined and can follow the mother's or father's line. No one knows why some inherit baldness and other members of the family do not. </text>
<text>Hair loss begins just under the skin's outer layer, the epidermis. In mature adults the normal hair follicle is long. As a person begins to bald, this follicle gets shorter and shorter. The hair shortens, thins in diameter and lightens in color. When a person is totally bald, youcannot see the follicle at all.</text>
<text>A typical fast food meal - hamburger, fries, and shake- is loaded with fat. If you're going to have a hamburger, have a small one. Chicken and fish do start out lean but fast food restaurants often fry them and turn low-fat food into high-fat food. You can get a healthful meal at a salad bar by selecting low-calorie, low-fat foods. But stay away from the mayonnaise and sauces. Ask for low-calorie salad dressing! </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>Fatty foods are everywhere and they are very appealing. Fat holds the aroma in foods, which is an important part of the taste. Low fat foods can be very tasty and interesting. In response to all of the information emerging about the danger of fat in our diets - new ways of cooking foods and new menus are emerging (steaming, poaching, light sauces).</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>Research indicates that it might be possible to prevent certain forms of cancer by reducing fat intake. Several studies comparing diet and incidence of breast cancer have shown that there is a lower risk of breast cancer in countries like Japan where people eat less fatty foods than in this country. Natives of these countries who had emigrated to countries with high fat diets were also studied; they had a higher rate of breast cancer. Many scientists believe that the change in breast cancer rates is linked to a change in diet - the increased consumption of fatty foods.From laboratory studies going back to the 1940s with every model of breast cancer used in the laboratory, a high-fat diet has been shown to accentuate and accelerate the risk of disease. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>Reducing fat intake is the most effective way for overweight people to reduce fat mass. A diet high in fat makes it difficult for the body to burn fat at the rate needed for weight loss. An increase in exercise and muscular energy utilization can help to burn fat. The best weight loss approach combines dietary planning and exercise. Eat less calories, exercise regularly and it's very likely you will lose weight, especially if you eat less fat. Fat is your real enemy.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>Remember, all-natural doesn't necessarily mean low in fat or healthy. Only about two tablespoons of fat per day are needed for good nutrition. Even the "good" fats - polyunsaturates and monosatruates - should be consumed in moderation for good health. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>Sixty percent of all the fat we buy and eat is hidden from view. It's difficult to find all of it, as a stroll through any supermarket will attest. Many snacks, for example, are deep-fried. That crispiness has a price. Even healthy-sounding items like natural granola breakfast foods get as much as 40% of their calories from coconut, palm, and nut oils - much more than some sugar-laced varieties. These oils are very common because they add flavor, are inexpensive, and don't spoil very quickly. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>We now know that animal protein with an excessive amount of saturated fats can raise our cholesterol levels and contribute to heart disease. Lean animal protein, however, has the highest biological value of all of the proteins we have in our foodstuffs.Nutritionists recommend that we eat more chicken and fish for protein and eat less red meat to reduce fat consumption. In response to this trend, cattle ranchers are now working to raise leaner animals that provide low-fat red meat.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #212The Whole Truth Diet</text>
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<text>Certain fish oils contain a particularly useful type of unsaturated fatty acids: omega-3 fatty acids.Omega-3 fatty acids seem to be effective in decreasing blood cholesterol. Research also indicates that Omega-3 fatty acids can prevent abnormal blood clotting - often a cause of heart attacks.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>A high concentration of fat and cholestrol in the walls of blood vessels can cause damage. Blood vessels begin to scar and cells begin to grow in number. This condition, called atherosclerosis (a form of arteriosclerosis) gradually reduces blood flow to the heart, making it less capable of functioning normally.One or more of these narrowed vessels might become entirely blocked, causing some of the heart muscle the vessel feeds to die. This is called a heart attack. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>The major dietary factor in raising the blood cholesterol is not cholesterol itself, but the consumption of saturated fats. Our bodies naturally manufacture cholestrol to help the digestion of food and to create hormones. But, dietary fats can raise cholesterol levels and eventually clog our system. Saturated fats are the most important dietary contributors to the cholestrol level in our bodies. </text>
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<text>Eating Fat</text>
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<text>Heart IllnessNutrititionPhysiology</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>As we get older, the arteries carrying blood into the heart can begin to clog with fat debris and cholesterol, a normal, waxy chemical that the body makes to enhance cell growth and hormone production. Like fat molecules, cholestrol is carried in the blood on tiny particles of protein called lipoproteins. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>There is a simple way to determine which fats are monounsaturated and which are saturated: polyunsaturates and monounsaturates are generally liquid at room temperature; saturated fats tend to be solids at room temperature. </text>
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<text>There are three basic fats in our diets: polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and saturated fat.All dietary fats should be consumed in moderation. But, there is an important distinction between saturated fat and the other types of fat. Monounsaturates and polyunsaturates are actually thought to lower bloodcholesterol. Saturated fat interferes with the normal breakdown of cholestrol in the blood, causing cholestrol to accumulate.</text>
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<text>Excessive dietary fat has been linked fairly clearly to colon and prostate cancer, as well as diabetes and heart disease.Experts in the fields of nutrition and health recommend a reduction in fat in the American diet. They strongly suggest a diet with less than 30% of total calories from fat and increased consumption of grains, fruits and vegetables - particularly those that contain complex carbohydrates.</text>
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<text>Diet and Disease</text>
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<text>CancerHeartIllnessNutritionResearch</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #208Fat Stuff</text>
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<text>The fat you eat has over twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates and protein. About 40% of the calories in the American diet come from the fat in our foods. That's about nine to ten tablespoons of fat per day. You need only two tablespoons of fat per day for good nutrition.</text>
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<text>Sleep disorders are common in children. Problems include night terrors, bed-wetting, head-banging and sleep-walking. Some children develop problems around going to bed. Children need limits set around bedtime rituals. Stick to a regular bedtime. Be patient, but don't give in to excessive demands. Developing a routine that is comfortable for you and your child can make bedtime separation less troublesome and set the stage for good sleep habits.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #217Why Am I So Tired?</text>
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<text>250,000 Americans suffer from narcolepsy, an inherited disorder in which the parts of the brain that keep you awake malfunction. No matter how much narcoleptics sleep, they're exhausted. Narcoleptics fall directly into REM (rapid eye movement) sleep at night and during the day. They can have vivid hallucinations and sleep paralysis at any time. (Sleep paralysis, or cataplexy, causes the body to collapse unexpectedly.) Some drugs can help sufferers cope with the symptoms, but there is no cure. Scientists are studying narcoleptic dogs to understand the disease's genetic link. Canine and human attacks are virtually identical.</text>
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<text>Sleep apnea is a condition where someone actually stops breathing while asleep. Victims may stop up to several hundred times a night. They usually have a small throat or extra fat around the neck. They stop breathing when the back of the throat closes up. As a protective response, the brain causes an arousal. Electro-encephelogram studies show the patient wakes up briefly or comes to a lighter sleep and then starts breathing again. Apnea victims can wear a respirator at night to keep the throat open. Specialists say apnea can lead to heart failure if untreated. </text>
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<text>Don't do extreme exercise early in the morning when heart attacks are three times more common. Don't exercise late at night when it takes too long for your body to cool down and be ready for sleep.</text>
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<text>The major energy-drainers are physical illnesses; occupational hazards; bad habits, including smoking, drinking, drugs, even prescription drugs; overwork; and last but not least, emotional stress. Don't underestimate emotional stress. Many people don't believe it's a real cause of fatigue. Examine your life and put more energy-boosters into it. Fatigue is never a figment of the imagination. There are always causes for it. You can do something about it. </text>
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<text>Don't look for one physical cause for your fatigue. Examine your entire life. Think of your energy as residing in a pool. Certain things drain your energy. Certain things boost it. Think about your own life and ask yourself if things are out of balance. To maintain vital energy to get through your day, you need good nutrition (no fad dieting), restful sleep, plenty of aerobic exercise, pleasure from intimate relationships, love, a sense of mastery from meaningful work. </text>
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<text>Dr. Holly Atkinson, author of "Women and Fatigue," states "Fatigue is woven into the fabric of our lives today, especially women's lives. Women suffer from chronic fatigue three times more than men. Women have taken on new jobs, but still carry the major burden of doing most of the housework." </text>
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<text>If you ask your doctor, "Why am I so tired?" there is only a 25% chance that he or she will find an underlying physical illness. You may be the best judge of what is going on. Evaluate things yourself first. Bring all the facts to your doctor to get the best chance of assistance. The cause may be stress. </text>
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<text>To ease some extreme symptoms his patients were experiencing, Dr. Peterson has prescriber Acyclovir, a drug that interferes with the replication of herpes viruses. His tests showed an 80% overall improvement in neuro-psychiatric testing, lower viral levels, and improvement in brain scans. Virtually all the patients showed subjective improvement. With more testing, this may prove to be the treatment of choice for chronic Epstein-Barr virus.</text>
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<text>Since many of his patients with Epstein-Barr experienced cognitive difficulties, Dr. Daniel Peterson, a Nevada internist, felt a neurological exam might shed some light on the disease. After examining the brain scan of patients he noticed that many of them had brain lesions. "I think the lesions represent actual viral infection of the brain and/or the immune reaction to the viral insult. It remains to be determined through brain biopsies and other techniques what they represent and their significance." </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #217Why Am I So Tired?</text>
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<text>Unlike mononucleosis, which can be diagnosed with a simple blood test and treated with rest, chronic Epstein-Barr Virus Syndrome is more elusive. We don't have good diagnostic tests for this illness. The Epstein-Barr virus antibody tests are used most commonly, but they're not very reliable. Test results can be abnormal in people who feel perfectly healthy and normal in people who we know are sick. </text>
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<text>The Epstein-Barr virus is a common virus of the human race. Most people in the United States become infected when we're teenagers. The virus remains dormant in our bodies for the rest of our lives. In the patients who have this illness, the virus has reawakened. What triggers the virus is really the mystery. It may be another virus, toxins, or stress. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #217Why Am I So Tired?</text>
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<text>Chronic Epstein-Barr Virus Syndrome has one primary symptom: fatigue. The Epstein-Barr virus is difficult to test for and there's a lot of misunderstanding about it. The virus belongs to the herpes family of viruses and causes multiple types of illnesses including mononucleosis. There's no cure anywhere in sight for this syndrome.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #217Why Am I So Tired?</text>
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<text>The first few times you diet, you can lose fat without having to exercise, but it gets harder to fool your body into burning fat through diet alone. Study consistently show that the only good way to lose weight is to exercise.Important new research from the University of California shows that exercise helps our bodies absorb enough of the right vitamins and proteins. If you don't exercise, you may become undernourished, overweight, or both. The next time you have the urge to go on a diet, take a brisk walk instead!</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #212The Whole Truth Diet</text>
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<text>There is new evidence that crash diets don't help you lose weight but actually make you fatter. Your body defends itself against dieting the same way it defends itself against famine. Your metabolism goes way down while you are on a diet. When you go off the diet and back to your normal eating patterns, your metabolism stays low until you've gained back more pounds than you started with. That's your body's protection against the next diet or famine. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #212The Whole Truth Diet</text>
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<text>Most people with eating disorders have a very disturbed body image. There are limitations to what dieting can accomplish. It is easier to change your body image than to change your body. The issue is not really what your body looks like, but how you feel about how it looks. And that's something you can change. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #212The Whole Truth Diet</text>
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<text>Susan Wooley, who directs the Eating Disorders Clinic at the University of Cincinnati, has found that people who diet compulsively get into unanticipated difficulties. They push themselves below a natural weight, triggering hunger that is impossible to control. When they begin overeating, it's a short step to bulimia (eating and vomiting) or to moving into anorexia (compulsive non-eating) to prevent the weight gain which they fear so much. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #212The Whole Truth Diet</text>
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<text>Most diets have been shown to produce only short term weight loss. If you want to lose weight, your best bet is to gradually develop new eating patterns and habits. A small change in patterns can produce weight loss over of period of time. A moderate reduction in calories along with a moderate increase in activity - a lifestyle change - is not only the best, but the only sensible route to losing weight and maintaining weight loss.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #212The Whole Truth Diet</text>
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<text>One of the problems with many diets is who uses them. Pregnant women, kids during the rapid growth spurt, elderly people and people on medications should not diet. A radical reduction in calories for people in these groups can cause major problems.Basic advice for anyone dieting is - if you don't feel well when you are dieting, STOP.</text>
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<text>Americans spend almost $10 billion a year on diet products. That includes everything from diet dinners to diet books. Surveys have shown that one quarter of all men and one half of all women in this country are on diets at any one time. Maybe that explains the flood of diet books published every year. More than 100 diet books can be found in large bookstores at one time - a national bestseller among them each week. </text>
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<text>The estimated 30-40 million Americans on diets each year can expect only minor weight loss and major disappointment. There is no diet plan, book, program or article that has proven itself effective for long-term weight control measured at three to five years. Fad diets are an American way of life. Most don't work and some are dangerous. If you do lose weight through dieting, you'll usually gain it back. </text>
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<text>Many diets will enable you to lose weight in the short run. While there is very little evidence for what happens in the long run, the evidence we do have suggests that people tend to regain the weight lost through dieting.Lifestyles, heredity, food choices and exercise are beginning to be viewed as the important determinants in weight and the important keys to maintaining weight loss.</text>
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<text>Allergies</text>
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<text>Hope and An Integrated Approach</text>
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<text>ImmunityTreatmentIllnessResearch</text>
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<text>The key to allergy relief is a combination of the right treatment, knowing what to do during an attack, and knowing that you can control the allergic reaction.There have been dramatic breakthroughs in our understanding of allergic diseases, and the likelihood of cures may be in the foreseeable future. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #222Stifle That Sneeze</text>
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<text>In New York, an open-airway support group helps asthmatic children and families gain confidence in the management of an allergic attack. Through role playing and relaxation techniques, the program reinforces the message that there are steps one can take to stay in control of the attack. </text>
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<text>Immunotherapy, or allergy shots, can relieve allergies by desensitizing the allergy sufferer to the allergen. Increasing amounts of specific allergens are injected into an allergic individual over several years. In 85% of the cases, the symptoms diminish. This treatment is often used for patients who have not responded well tomedications, or those who must take medication constantly. </text>
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<text>Outside the home, controlling the environment becomes an even greater challenge. Medications for mild symptoms, such as antihistamines or decongestants for nasal problems, or asthma inhalers for mild wheezing, are available over the counter. For persistent symptoms, there are medications that prevent symptoms before they start. Chromolyn, one such preventative medication, coats the mast cells. Steroids can also be given in large doses to prevent allergic reactions.</text>
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<text>Invisible menaces in the home, such as dust, paint or gas fumes, may cause allergic reactions. As we've learned to super-insulate and tighten a home, indoor pollution composed of allergens and other specific irritants may be trapped in the house. Dust is one of the most common allergens. Possible solutions include encasing a mattress in a mattress cover, using a dacron polyester pillow to keep dust mites from settling in a feather pillow, and air-filtration devices in a room or in a central system. </text>
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<text>Once an allergen has been identified, the next step is treatment or avoidance. Treatments range from desensitization shots, or allergy shots, to over-the-counter medications. Avoidance may be an alternativesolution, but removing an allergen such as pollen from your environment may be impossible. </text>
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<text>A controversial allergy text, called a cytotoxic test, combines the extracts of allergens directly with the patient's blood. The mixture is analyzed under a microscope. The test is simple to perform, and allowstesting of up to 400 different allergens. But the test has been known to produce differing results, and has not yet undergone the rigorous testing for F.D.A. approval. </text>
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<text>Whether it's pollen or a household pet, it is critical to establish the provoking allergen and a patient's personal and family background before treatment can begin. The most common allergy test is a prick or scratch test. Drops of extract are applied to a patient's forearm. Theskin is then pricked under the substance to put the allergen in direct contact with the cell. A positive reaction typically causes a bump on the skin. </text>
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<text>The most common food allergies in children are caused by eggs, peanuts, milk, soy, wheat and fish. In adults, peanuts, tree nuts and shellfish are the most common food allergens. </text>
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<text>Food allergies are actually not as common as we think. Only 25% of the people who suspect a food allergy actually have one. The most effective test to isolate a food allergy is a double-blind challenge. In a controlled environment, a patient ingests a substance that is unknown to both the patient and the doctor. This removes all personal biases. </text>
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<text>An extreme allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, is a systemic attack which involves the entire body. It kills an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 people each year. Even hives can be life-threatening. People have been founddrowned and covered with hives due to an allergic reaction to cold water. Hives can be induced by cold, heat, food, pollen, dust, and many other allergens. </text>
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<text>Two Japanese scientists confirmed that Immunoglobulin E, or I.G.E., is the trigger to the allergic process Individuals suffering from allergies produce an abundance of I.G.E. When factors of heredity and environment combine, this antibody triggers the reaction. Children of one allergic parent have a one in four chance of developing an allergy. With two allergic parents, the child is almost guaranteed to have an allergy. </text>
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<text>Immunoglobulin E, or I.G.E., is the antibody associated with an allergic reaction. The skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract are all lined with connective tissue cells called mast cells. I.G.E. binds with these mast cells when an allergen, or foreign substance, enters the body. The I.G.E. triggers the mast cells to release chemical mediators such as histamine, causing sneezing,wheezing, or itching. </text>
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<text>One out of five people has an allergic disease. Allergies can affect several central systems in the body. If the allergy affects the nose and sinuses, it's called allergic rhinitis; in the lungs, it's asthma; on the skin, hives; and in the gastrointestinal tract, a food allergy. Hives plague an estimated ten million of us, and a million and a half Americans suffer from allergy-induced asthma. </text>
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<text>Eliminating harmful habits or addictions takes patience, willpower, and a means to dissociate the activity from pleasure. Most communities have programs, many based on Alcoholics Anonymous, that provide help and support for fighting all sorts of addictions. If you want to eliminate an addiction, your local newspaper carries listings of such programs, and you can also call A.A. directly to find the support group that will help you the most.</text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #108Coralling Your Cravings</text>
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<text>It's important for an addict to understand the benefits that the habit provides, and to find ways to get those benefits elsewhere. For example, research by Dr. Jeremy Jaffe found that tobacco hooks smokers because it helps their concentration, it affects their appetites, it seems to make some things taste better, and it's a weight-control device. </text>
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<text>You can't eliminate an addiction by only treating its symptoms. Cocaine short-circuits depression, providing instantaneous relief from feeling empty. Addicts can use this self-medication to escape their feelings. A good treatment program also must deal with the underlying psychological problems - depression, mood swings, and low self-esteem - that encourage this quick and dangerous solution. </text>
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<text>BODYWATCH #220A Chemical Called Cocaine</text>
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<text>Dissociating the Habit from the Ritual</text>
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<text>The Veterans Administration Hospital in Philadelphia conducts a 30-day cocaine abuse treatment. The patient is exposed to a series of activites built around the rituals of cocaine use, which trigger his craving for the drug, without rewarding it with the cocaine high itself. After these repeated exposures to the paraphenalia and other environmental stimuli related to the habit, being exposed to them in the real world will be much less arousing to the patient.</text>
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<text>One of the neurotransmitters affected by cocaine use is dopamine. Research shows that cocaine may actually affect dopamine levels permanently, which means that a cocaine addict may have a lifelong vulnerability to the drug and can never use it again without feeling intense craving and withdrawl.</text>
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<text>Seeking pleasure is only one of two forces that drive cocaine addiction. The other is craving. After a user dirsrupts his pleasure centers with cocaine, a very intense and irresistable desire to use the drug again develops. Cocaine causes some of the neurotransmitters to be trapped in the synapse and lost . This depletion causes the depression that is common after a cocaine high, and it results in the user's strong desire to restore the mood of euphoria. </text>
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<text>Cocaine affects the brain's pleasure centers. We feel pleasure when certain neurotransmitters flow through the synapse, or gap, between one nerve cell and another. These chemicals are recycled so that once they bridge the synapse, they are retrieved for reuse by the first nerve cell. Cocaine temporarily causes a buildup of the chemicals in the synapse by jamming the recycling process. This causes a powerful feeling of euphoria. </text>
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<text>The impulse for cravings may reside in specific neurotransmitters - the mechanisms that send signals from one nerve cell, or neuron, to another. Engaging in "arousal activities" increases the rate of neurotransmission in the central nervous system. This works similarly to amphetamines. An individual who keeps coming back to an arousal activity like white-water rafting develops a tolerance to the increasing neurotransmission. Other individuals are hooked on a "satiation activity" like meditation. It produces slower rates of neurotransmission. </text>
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<text>Addictions can include such diverse behaviors as shopping, eating, sex, gambling, running, drug use, and even work. One psychological explanation of addiction states that whatever the behavior is, it takes control of addicts' lives because they really do not like themselves very much. Addicts show a damaged sense of self; they believe that people wouldn't love them if they knew the truth about them and use the addiction as a way to avoid the feelings this generates. </text>
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<text>Some researchers believe that compulsive behavior is chemically linked to the pleasure centers in the brain. Others feel that some people are genetically more vulnerable to compulsive behavior. Others see personality, social environment and family of origin as ultimately responsible. </text>
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<text>When scientists use the term "addictive," they are referring to those habitual behaviors that are very hard to break. Addictive behaviors include not only maladaptive, negative ones, but also positive ones that are very repetitious and can be equally hard to break (such as running).</text>
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<text>"While many are either skeptical of or frightened by acupuncture, it's made contributions to plenty of people's lives. But acupuncture's not recommended for all patients, for all problems."</text>
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<text>Acupuncture is being used for detoxifying drug abusers, to help people stop using alcohol, cocaine, crack, heroin, methadone, barbiturates, speed, and nicotine. Acupuncture can lessen the patient's withdrawal symptoms - headaches, insomnia, irritability, night sweats, and cravings. </text>
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<text>Researchers have found that if a woman receives acupuncture during pregnancy, the birth itself seems to progress much more smoothly. There's less pain, and it doesn't take as long. The pain that is experienced - and there is some pain - is more easily handled.Acupuncture has also been found effective in allieviating menstrual disorders and irregularities. </text>
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<text>Acupuncture's effects are being measured with a new technique, computer thermography. A computer records images of infrared heat emitted from the a patient's body. After acupuncture treatment, the video image changes color, showing warming and a decreasing pain level in the affected area. Research has found that acupuncture releases endorphin, the body's natural pain suppressor.</text>
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<text>Studies with stroke patients at V.A. hospitals in the Boston area reveal remarkable findings about acupuncture's placebo versus real effects. A real acupuncture point registers decreased electrical resistance on an ohmmeter. Five patients were needled in fake acupuncture points - spots with high electrical resistance. None improved. 17 patients had real acupuncture (where needles were inserted in appropriate points of low resistance), and nine of these improved following treatments over several months. Three patients showed improvement in arm, hand, or leg movements attributable to the treatments.</text>
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<text>Many Americans are uncomfortable with alternative therapies like acupuncture because there is no Western scientific context in which to understand them. Western analysists have often felt that acupuncture works because of the placebo effect - the patient's belief that the treatment will improve a condition. Tests are now underway to determine the extent to which the placebo effect or the actual acupuncture intervention is responsible for the improvements patients feel.</text>
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<text>Chinese medicine treats the whole body, whereas Western medicine understands disease in terms of specific causes. For example, Western doctors use medicines to fight off bacteria or viruses that cause an ailment. Chinese practitioners would view this sort of treatment as superficial. They would examine the patient to discover and treat the imbalances in the body that allowed the condition to develop in the first place.</text>
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<text>The Chinese use acupuncture to treat many common ailments. A Chinese practitioner may use acupuncture to treat pain, the common cold, flu, fever, bronchitis, stomach ulcers, diarrhea, gall bladder stones, kidney stones, and many other conditions. </text>
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<text>The Chinese believe energy known as "chi" flows throughout the body, traveling on pathways called meridians. When the energy flows very smoothly and uninterruptedly, the body is in a state of health or balance. When there's a problem, acupuncture can unblock the energy flow to restore the body's balance. Acupuncture needles can be inserted in over 365 acupuncture points on the body. Each point corresponds to an organ or system in the body. The ear has the most concentrated number of points.</text>
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<text>According to Chinese philosophy, disease and pain are the result of imbalances in the body. Acupuncture is designed to restore that balance. It's been used in China for over 2,400 years. The West became more interested in acupuncture following the publicity from Nixon's trip to China in 1971.</text>
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<text>For more information about NutraSweet and good health, contact The NutraSweet Center by calling toll-free at (800) 321-7254 or by writing to: The NutraSweet Center (BWIII), P.O. Box C1115, Skokie, IL 60076.For videocassette rental/purchase of broadcast programs from the BODYWATCH series (for educational market only), call (800) 323-5343.For purchase of the BODYWATCH videocassette, "Relaxation Exercises," in either VHS or Beta formats, call (800) 441-3000.For purchase of the BODYWATCH videocassette, "Hazard-Free Exercises," in either VHS or Beta formats, call (800) 626-4444.</text>
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<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
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<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
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<icon>0</icon>
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<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
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<type>button</type>
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<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
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<name>fitness</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>30</id>
<type>button</type>
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<name>drugs</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<type>button</type>
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<name>pregnancy</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>34</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>sexuality</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>35</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name></name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<type>button</type>
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<name>pain</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
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<id>38</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>nutrition</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>39</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>lifestyle</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
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<type>button</type>
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<name>immunity</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
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<id>41</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>42</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>heredity</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>43</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>heart</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>44</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>respiratory</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>45</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>research</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>46</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>relaxation</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>47</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<name>relationships</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>48</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<family>0</family>
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<icon>0</icon>
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<name>psychology</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>49</id>
<type>button</type>
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<family>0</family>
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<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
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<name>physiology</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>50</id>
<type>button</type>
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<font>Chicago</font>
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<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
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<id>51</id>
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<name></name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
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<id>52</id>
<type>button</type>
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<name></name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
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<id>53</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
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<name></name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>54</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
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<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
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<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
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<name>treatment</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
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<id>55</id>
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<left>383</left>
<top>120</top>
<right>490</right>
<bottom>137</bottom>
</rect>
<style>roundrect</style>
<showName> <true /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>stress</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>56</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>383</left>
<top>96</top>
<right>490</right>
<bottom>113</bottom>
</rect>
<style>roundrect</style>
<showName> <true /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>statistics</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>57</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>383</left>
<top>72</top>
<right>490</right>
<bottom>89</bottom>
</rect>
<style>roundrect</style>
<showName> <true /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>smell</name>
<script>on mouseUpglobal thekeywordsget short name of the targetset hilite of button it to trueput it && thekeywords into thekeywordsend mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>61</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>381</left>
<top>165</top>
<right>492</right>
<bottom>266</bottom>
</rect>
<style>transparent</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>0</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>blocking button</name>
<script></script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>Keyword Search</text>
</content>
<name>keyword menu</name>
<script>on openCardget location of button "cancel"click at itend openCard</script>
</card>
card_5654.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
.iso/mac/MAC/School House/Health/BodyData/BMAP_59172.png){kind=link}
.iso/mac/MAC/School House/Health/BodyData/PATs.png){kind=link}